@The_FaisalAli
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. | 2. Abstract |
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3. | 4. Historical Background5. Slave Dynasty-Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210 A.D)6. Aibak and his early Career7. Aibak Conquest8. Marriage9. Achievement as a conqueror10. As a Founder of Independent Muslim Empire11. As an administrator12. As and patron of art and literature13. Death |
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14. | 15. (ARAM SHAH 1210-1211 A.D) |
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16. | 17. ALTMASH OR ILTUMTMISH 1211-123518. The accession of Throne:-19. Difficulties after his succession 20. AltmashConquest:- 21. Suppression of Khiljis in Bengal:-22. Mongol Invasion:-23. Achievements of Altmash |
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24. | 25. Rukunuddin Firoz 1235-1236 |
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26. | 27. Razia Begum 1236-1239 A.D |
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28. | 29. Bahram 1239-42 &Masud 1242-46 A.D |
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30. | 31. Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266-1286 A.D 32. Successors of Balban:- 33. Checking the Mongol Invasion:- 34. Suppression of the Hindus Revolts:- 35. Balban’s work during the reign of Nasir-ud-din:-
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36. | 37. Bulban’sSucessors |
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38. | 39. Conclusion |
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40. | 41. Work Citation |
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Abstract
Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty) was the first Muslim Dynasty in Sub-Continent, in this Dynasty 10 Sultan (Rulers) of the Mamluk Dynasty ruled from (1206-1290). However, three Sultans were capable i.e. Qutub-ud-din Aibak, Altmash, and Rukun-ud-din, of Mumluk Dynast that mentioned in the research work. However, other Sultans of the Muluk Dynasty were not capable and efficient in the administration, they were always busy quarreling with each other. We do not find any major development in their era. Being a part of history, their name and era are mentioned.
Research work focused on how Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded the empire? Qutub-ud-din Aibak as a military General of Mahmud Ghori, the achievement of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. Then the other part of the research work elaborates Aram shah, his tenure, and his replacement. Then Altmash the second important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty elaborates in detail, and Rukun-ud-din, and the achievement. A critical overview of Razia Begum, Bahram Shah, and Masud khan is presented in this research work.
Then Nasir-ud-din Dervish king of India also elaborated his way of living, his work is mentioned, then the last powerful ruler of Mukluk Dynasty Ghiasuddin elaborated in details how he came, and no one knows this ugly slave one day will become the popular ruler of India. The achievement of how he organized conspiracy against the Razia and help her brother in succeeding the throne, then his next tenure as a capable minister with Nasir-Uddin is also mentioned. How he checked the Mongol invasion and crushed the Hindu revolt. Finally, I concluded the research work.
Historical Background: -
Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi and Muhammad Ghori were two great invaders who tried to conquer the sub-continent at different times. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi failed to the conquered whole of India, but Muhammad Ghori and his fellows tried to defeat Chuhans and they were successful, in 1193 Muhammad Ghori defeated Chuhans.[1]
Slave Dynasty-Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210 A.D):-
Muslim Rulers used a large number of slaves for their services. Some of them were most dear to the sultan than his sons, due to loyalty, Muhammad Ghori had no son, he considered Qutub-ud-din Aibak like his sons, he was the most loyal slave of Sultans, Sultan had proud of his extraordinary ability. After the defeat of Prithivi Raj, Muhammad Ghori became the master of Northern India. He appointed Abaik as an administrator of the new conquest, Aibak not only administrated the new conquest but also extended the territory of the new empire. He conquered the Gangetic Doab, defeated Parmal, the Chandel Raj of Kalinjar.[2]
Aibak and his early Career: -
Muhammad Ghori appointed his most trustful and loyal slave Aibak as viceroy of northern Indian from 1192-1206, After the death of Muhammad Ghori, his empire distributed among his military Generals relatives and slaves, because he had no son, In India Aibak declared himself as an independent ruler of India. He was most successful than others, due to his name his Dynasty called the Slave Dynasty.
AibakConquest: -
Qutub-ud-din was not only a great administrator but was a great general, he captured Hasni, Delhi and Meerut, etc. He conquers Gwalior and compelled Hindu ruler to pay heavy tribute, he captured two fortresses Kalinjar and Mahoba. He also plunders many temples. So, he helped his master by extending the terrorist of the empire.
Marriage: -
He married the daughter of Taj-ud-din Yulduz, Slave General of Muhummad Ghori.
He gave his sister in marriage to Nazir-ud-din Qubachah, chief of Sind.
Achievement as a conqueror: -
He was a great military leader, he conquered Hansi, Delhi, Meerut, Ranthambhor, Koil, Banaras, and Gujrat, and he included in his kingdom.[3]
As a Founder of Independent Muslim Empire: -
From the humble position of a slave, he reached the position of independent ruler of the Muslim empire. He received the title of “Sultan of Delhi, from Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmud” the successor of Mahmud Ghori, “so Sultan became the title of Muslim rulers of Delhi and period up to 1526 called Sultanate Period”.
As an administrator: -
He was a successful administrator. According to Hasan Nizami, “He administered the country well, dispersed equal handed justice to the people and exerted himself to promote peace and prosperity of the kingdom”.
As and patron of art and literature: -
He was also a patron of art and literature. He built two mosques one at Delhi known as Quwwat-ul-Islam and the other at Ajmer. Material that was used in construction was brought from demolishing temples. He also built the famous Minar was known as Qutub Minar, which was completed by the Altmash period.
Death:-
In November 1210, Qutub-ud-din Aibak was playing polo at Lahore, He fell from his horse, got injured in an accident he died.[4]
(ARAM SHAH 1210-1211 A.D)
After the death of Qutub-ud-din Aibak his son Aram Shah succeeded. But he proved incompetent and inefficient. During his reign, Gwalior and Ranthambhor declared their independence. Ruler of Multan and Sind and Taj-ud-din Yulduz of Ghazni refused to accept him as a ruler of India. They invited Aibak’s son-in-law Altmash to ascend the throne, Altmash soon responded and ascended the throne with the help of supporter and nobles of the Ghazni Empire.
ALTMASH OR ILTUMTMISH 1211-1235
Altmash was born in Turkistan. He left his home at an early age due to ill-treatment he received at the hand of relatives, he wondered place to place then he reached Delhi court. He impressed Qutub ud-din Aibak so much he married his daughter and made him the governor of Dadaun.
The accession of Throne: -
In 1210 A.D Altmash was serving in Dadaun as a governor he heard the news of the death of his father-in-law, Aibak. Aram Shah was set up on the throne with the help of Amirs of court, but he was proved incompetent and he set aside in favor of Altmash. Historian Minhaj remarked... “a king so benevolent, sympathetic, reverent to the learned and the old, ever rose by his efforts to the cradle of the empire of Delhi.” some historians believe that he was a usurper. According to Ibn-Batuta, “Altmash was, in fact, the first independent Sultan of Delhi.” Altmash was the ablest person. Historian Habib “also regarded as the real ruler of Delhi.”
Difficulties after his succession: -
At the time of accession to the throne, Altmash faced many difficulties. The new Muslim empire was threatened with disruption. Some issues are mentioned below: -
Ø Altmash had no hereditary claim to the throne.
Ø Secondly, he was himself a slave, according to Muslim law “no slave could ever occupy a throne.”Thirdly there were some equal powerful nobles, they also rose as the equal position of king.[5]
Ø Nasir ud-din Qubachah the ruler of Sind and Multan and Taj-ud-din Yulduz the ruler of Ghazni refused to recognized Altmash as King.
Ø Fourthly some Muslim generals Ali Mardan the governor of Bihar and Bengal were ruling as independent rulers.
Despite so many difficulties but he proves equal to the situation, first he secure Delhi by suppressing the rebellion of the Amirs, and bringing all neighboring provinces under his control. He then defeated the Taj ud-din Yulduz ruler of Ghazni, who had invaded Punjab, and took him, prisoner. The ambitions of Nasir ud-din was also baffled. The Khiljis and the Malik of Bengal and Bihar were reduced, and the sultan's authority was enforced over the Hindustan.
AltmashConquest: -
- First Altmash turned his arms against the Hindu Chiefs.
- Ratambhor and Gwalior were recaptured.
- The Sultan invaded Malwa, the fort of Bhils and Ujjain.
- He also defeated two powerful opponents Taj-ud-din Yulduz and Nasir ud-din Qubachah, both died.
- Nasir ud-din Qubachah captured some areas of Punjab, Sultan declared war against, Nasir ud-din defeated, he tried to run to save his life but was drowned in the river.
Suppression of Khiljis in Bengal: -
Ali Mardan declared himself an independent ruler. Altmash sent an army against Khilji. Ghiasuddin submitted and promised to pay tribute. When the royal forces came back, they refused to pay, at that time he appointed Nasiruddin Mahmud governor of Oudh to march against them. Ali’s Mardan successor Ghiasuddin was defeated and the Bengal completely became a part of the Delhi Sultanate.[6]
Mongol Invasion:-
During the time of Altmash most terrible danger threatened India. Chinghiz Khan dreaded leader of the Mongols advanced as far as the Indus in pursuit of Jalal-ud-din the fugitive prince of Khiva who sought refuge at the court of Delhi.Altmash refused to comply with the unwelcome guest. Jalal-ud-din after plundering Sind and Gujrat move to Persia. Thereupon Chinghiz Khan returns and India spread the horror of the Mongol invasion 1221 A.D. Altmash's last campaign was subjugating the Khokhars of the Salt Range. But on his way to Delhi, he fell ill and died on April 29, 1236 A.D.
Achievements of Altmash:-
Ø He added lower Sind and part of Malwa in the empire.
Ø He left monuments both at Delhi and Ajmer displaying his taste in architecture.
Ø He was regarded as a real founder of the Muslim Dynasty in India.[7]
Ø Altmash was the first ruler who shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi that became the capital of all Muslim rulers.
Ø He was also a clever Diplomat, due to his diplomacy after the death of Aibak he succeeded the throne, he also received rob of honor from the Khalifa and this strengthening his position.
Ø He was also a great builder he completed the Qutub Minar and the Qutbi Masjid. [8]
Rukunuddin Firoz 1235-1236
Altmash nominated his daughter for the throne, but after the death of Altmash his son Rakunuddin Firoz ascended the throne, he proved incompetent, he spends his time drinking wines and adopted luxuries, spend money on horses,
a council of forty slaves was established they divided the department of the state. After the short tenure of six months, Rukunuddin Firoz was removed from his position and put to death. The council of forty members was stood in favor of Razia Begum, she was nominated by the members as ruler.[9]
Razia Begum 1236-1239 A.D
Razia Begum was a wise lady, whenever her father was away from Delhi; she managed all the affairs of the state. She showed the great qualities of administration. He took part in a campaign against the Hindu and the rebellious Muslim chiefs. [10] But her sex was against her. Her performance for the Abyssinian Yaqut was though innocent. A revolt broke out she was captured and was taken as a prisoner by Altima the rebel governor of Sirhind. However, she married him and then with her husband tried to occupy the lost throne with her brother Bahram. She fought two bloody battles along with her husband and both were put to death in 1240. Razia’s reign lasted three years and some months, but she was a capable Muslim woman ruler.
Bahram 1239-42 &Masud 1242-46 A.D
After the Razia Begum, her brother Bahram Shah ascend the throne in 1239 A.D. During his time in 1241 A.D Mongol once again appeared. They Marched up to Lahore and massacred a large number of people, they plundered the town. So, faced so many trebles, after the brief reign of two years Bahram Shah was murdered in 1242 A.D. after the death of Bahram Shah Masud came, Masud seems to have become imbecile over wine and women. On June 10, 1246, Masud was deposed and Nasir Uddin Mahmud the youngest son of Altmash was raised to the throne.
(Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1246-66 A.D)
Nasiruddin Mahmud was a pious, kind-hearted, and God-fearing ruler. He was also known as a Darvesh King in the history of India. He never gave himself to pleasure, he earns his living by writing the Holy verses and selling them to the people. He did not want to be a ruler, but it was the requirement of the time, that he nominated being the youngest son of Altmash. He left the state affairs in the hand of his father-in-law Ghias-ud-din Balban who had been a slave of Altmash. During his tenure Mongols also again invaded India.[11] Balban was a capable minister and he served twenty years with Nasir Uddin Mahmud, Balban introduced policies to check on Mongol.
(Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266-1286 A.D)
Balban was a Turk of Albana Tribe. He was caught by the Mongols, they sold him to a merchant of Basra. When the merchant came into Delhi, he brought Balban with him. At Balban’s request, Altmash bought. Initially, he was appointed as a water carrier or “bhishti” but very soon he rose to the position of a personal attendant of the Sultan. During Razia’s reign, he was appointed as Amir-i-shikar or lord of Hunt. Initially, he was loyal to Razia, but when she began to show her affection for an Abyssinian slave Yaqut, he organized a conspiracy against her and played a very important role to overthrow her, and helped her brother to the throne. Bahram rewarded his jagir.
Balban’s work during the reign of Nasir-ud-din:-
Balban served twenty years with Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, he proved a very capable minister. Nasir-ud-din spent his time in writing the copies of the Holy Quran, the affairs of state managed by the Balban.
Suppression of the Hindus Revolts:-
When Nasir-ud-din Mahmud came to the throne Hindus declared independence. Balban crushed the revolt of Ranthambore, Gwalior, Chanderi, and Malwa.
Checking the Mongol Invasion:-
After the invasion of Changez Khan, Mongols were settled in Northern India. They invaded Punjab, in 1245, Balban constructed a large number of the fort, deployed efficient soldiers, and drove them away from Punjab.[12]
Successors of Balban:-
After the death of Balban, Kaiqubad ascended the throne at the age of seventeen, he was incompetent many revolts and conspiracies were organized against him, at least he was killed.[13]
Conclusion:-
Mamluk Dynasty was the first Muslim Dynasty in India. Aibak led the foundation new Muslim Empire after that six Muslim Dynasties were established, Mamluk rulers faced so many internal and external threat, sometimes they faced Mongol threat, their invasion, plundering and massacring the innocent people, and some time they faced rebellion activates in the empires, many provinces declared they're independent, they were captured again by the next rulers.
However, three rulers were capable i.eAibak, Altmash, and Balban, Other periods were not significant, we do not see any major development in the educational field, most of the time Mumluk Dynasty faced an internal and external threat. Even they do not follow Islam, it was an Islamic empire only by name, only one ruler Nasir ud-din Mahmud of Mamluk Dynasty were a very kind and Dervish king, who follow Islam, he spent his time writing the copies of Holy Quran, no other King in the History of India did like this. When the art talk, only Qutub ud-din Aibak, and Altmash constructed two mosques and one Minar, even in this period history was only written by Nasir ud-din Mahmud.
Works Cited
Kalhoro, Javed. "Mumluk Dynasty." Nationa University of Modern Languages. Islamabad, 2020.
Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. 2002. History of Medieval India From 1000 A.D To 1707 A.D. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distribution.
Kalhoro, Javed. 2020. "Mumluk Dynasty." Nationa University of Modern Languages. Islamabad.
Ibid,. p. 4.
Ibid,. p. 5.
Ibid,. p. 6.
Ibid,. p. 7.
Ibid,. p. 8.
Ibid,. p. 9.
Ibid,. p. 11.
Ibid,. p. 13.
Ibid,. p. 14.
Ibid,. p. 21.
Ibid,. p. 25.
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